The effects of straw return on potassium fertilization rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation

In order to investigate the effects of straw return on potassium (K) fertilizer application rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation, field experiments were conducted at three sites. The results showed that when the K rate was decreased to 70% of the recommended K dosage, crop yields showed no significant decrease. With K fertilization only at rice phase, crop yields showed no marked difference compared with that provided K fertilizer both at wheat and rice seasons. Though the NH₄OAc-extracted K and HNO₃-extracted K differed slightly among the treatments, the soil apparent K balance was negative without K fertilization. With crop straw fully incorporated, the recommended K dosage could be at least reduced by 30% at the experimental sites and the K fertilizer could be applied only at rice phase. A further hypothesis can be made that the best K rate was the amount of K took away by crop grain. In the long run, straw return combined with K fertilization would be an effective method to maintain soil K fertility and productivity.     

Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

长期秸秆还田对潮土土壤各形态磷的影响

基于黄淮海低平原区潮土上33年长期肥料定位试验,采用蒋柏藩―顾益初的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法,研究冬小麦―夏玉米轮作中长期不同氮磷用量下秸秆还田对土壤全磷、有效磷(Olsen-P)及各形态无机磷的影响。结果表明:黄淮海低平原区潮土上冬小麦―夏玉米轮作中P2O5用量0~240 kg hm~(-2),随磷肥用量的增加,土壤全磷、Olsen-P、无机磷总量及无机磷中Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P均显著增加,O-P和Ca10-P无显著变化;当土壤输入磷量低于作物输出磷量时,无论秸秆还田与否,土壤全磷、无机磷总量、Olsen-P和无机磷中除Ca8-P外的其他各形态磷均无显著变化;当土壤输入磷量高于作物输出磷量时,随秸秆用量的增加土壤全磷、Olsen-P和无机磷中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P均显著增加,其中以Olsen-P增幅最大,无机磷中以Ca2-P增幅最大,其次为Ca8-P,再次为Al-P;土壤磷素盈余和亏缺量与土壤中各磷形态含量均呈显著正相关关系。     

长期施用氮磷肥对(土娄)土钾素的影响

以长期定位施肥与小麦一玉米轮作田间试验为平台,研究了施肥对(土娄)土土壤钾素的影响以及冬小麦生育期内(土娄)土土壤速效钾、缓效钾及微生物量钾的变化.结果表明:氮磷肥不同施用量对土壤全钾基本没影响,而对速效钾、缓效钾及微生物量钾的影响较大.土壤速效钾和缓效钾均随施肥量的增加而减少,而微生物量钾随施肥量的增加而增加,且0-20 cm土层土壤速效钾、缓效钾及微生物量钾含量均高于20-40 cm土层.小麦生育期内,土壤速效钾和微生物量钾含量的变化一致,均是先上升再下降,再上升,又下降的变化.土壤中微生物量钾与有机碳、全氮均呈显著正相关关系,而与土壤速效钾和缓效钾无显著相关关系.氮磷肥在一定施用量范围内,促进了土壤无机态钾素的消耗,而提高了土壤微生物量钾的含量.土壤钾素的这种变化是作物吸收、施肥等因素共同作用的结果.     

冬油菜与杂草对长期不同施肥的差异性适应

研究长期水旱轮作条件下,施肥模式对田间冬油菜、杂草、土壤养分及冬油菜–杂草空间分布的影响,为长江流域冬油菜轻简化生产提供依据。2011年在湖北省粮油主产区——江汉平原布置水稻–冬油菜轮作肥效定位试验。2016年冬油菜收获期,调查农田杂草群落多样性和分析油菜–杂草–土壤养分三者状况。结果表明,长期土壤养分亏缺会显著影响油菜–杂草的生长和空间分布、形成不同的杂草优势群落。平衡施肥(NPK处理)有助于增加冬油菜根茎粗、有效分枝数、角果数和最终产量,降低杂草总生物量,提高杂草群落多样性Shannon-Wiener指数。与NPK处理相比,–N、–P和–K均会不同程度地降低籽粒、茎秆、角壳和杂草的养分吸收量,尤以–P处理降幅最为明显。与土壤养分含量的初始值相比,长期不施用化肥会引起土壤氮磷钾有效含量下降,尤其对于土壤钾,现有平衡施肥措施不足以弥补农田钾素亏缺,应重视秸秆还田的补钾效果。总之,长期科学的农田养分管理与调控措施,不仅可以降低杂草对冬油菜的危害、增强生物多样性和形成良性的油菜-杂草竞争环境,也有利于减少化学药剂使用、推动冬油菜的轻简化生产。     

长期施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土氮素分布和矿化特性的影响

为明确长期施肥和秸秆还田对稻田土壤生态系统氮素循环过程的影响,探索维持稻田土壤长期供氮潜力的途径,利用始于1990年的湖南红壤水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥和秸秆还田对水稻土剖面氮素迁移分布和C/N的影响,比较了不同温度下土壤氮素矿化曲线变化和不同施肥方式氮素矿化动态差异,分析了氮素累积矿化量与有效积温的关系。结果表明,长期施肥或秸秆可以促进红壤水稻土氮素的积累,其主要影响020cm土层,而化肥和秸秆配合施用作用更明显;长期施NPK化肥使土壤C/N降低,而秸秆还田使土壤C/N明显升高。在两种温度下的土壤矿质氮含量和累积矿化量曲线比较相似,10℃下土壤矿化速率达到稳定所需的时间要比30℃下长;30℃下不同施肥处理之间的矿化过程存在显著差异,而10℃下的差异较小,其在56d内矿化出来的矿质氮是10℃下的近两倍。化肥NP（仅施化肥NP）及NP+C（施化肥NP+秸秆还田）处理均有较高氮素矿化量,秸秆还田对土壤氮素矿化的促进作用比仅施化肥明显。在30℃下,土壤积累矿化量与有效积温的关系较好地符合有效积温方程式（EATM）（p0.01）。仅施化肥处理和对照方程中的K值相差不大,而秸秆还田与化肥配施处理方程的K值则有增大趋势,NPK+C（施化肥NPK+秸秆还田）处理的矿化潜力较大,且养分供应能力较强;秸秆配施化肥处理方程中n值的绝对值有减小趋势。随着培养时间延长,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤的累积矿化量保持在一个较稳定范围。     

Biomass and Phosphorus Uptake Responses of Maize to Phosphorus Application in Three Acid Soils from Southern Cameroon

Abstract

A phosphorus (P) greenhouse experiment was carried out with maize (Zea Mays L.) using surface horizons of three contrasted acid soils from southern Cameroon. The objectives were (i) to assess causal factors of maize differential growth and P uptake and (ii) to explore plant–soil interactions in acid soils under increasing P supply. Shoot and root dry‐matter yield and P uptake were significantly influenced by soil type and P rate (P<0.000), but the interaction was not significant. Soil properties that significantly (P<0.05) influenced maize growth variables were available P, soil pH, exchangeable bases [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)], and exchangeable aluminium (Al). Data ordination through principal‐component analysis highlighted a four‐component model that accounted for 88.1% of total system variance (TSV) and summarized plant reaction in acid soil condition. The first component, associated with 36.1% of TSV, pointed at increasing root–shoot ratio with increasing soil acidity and exchangeable Al. The second component (24.6% of TSV) highlighted soil labile P pool increase as a function of P rate. The third and fourth components reflected nitrogen (N) accumulation in soils and soil texture variability, respectively.     

不同配肥方案对塿土酶活性和小麦产量的影响

以塿土为研究对象,探讨不同有机无机肥料配比对土壤酶活性和作物产量的影响。结果表明,不同有机无机肥料配比条件下,蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的动态变化特征没有明显改变;但对蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响显著,显著影响小麦干物质量和子粒产量。2/3CN+3/5OM处理蔗糖酶活性最高,达29.51 mg/g,分别比3/3CN、3/3CN+1/5OM、1/3CN+5/5OM和5/5OM处理提高33%、32%、89%和146%;2/3CN+3/5OM处理脲酶活性最高为0.75 mg/g,与其余处理差异达显著水平。2/3CN+3/5OM处理碱性磷酸酶活性则与其它处理差异不显著;但小麦子粒产量为5.7 t/hm2,比其它处理分别提高22%、18%、27%和45%。     

长期不同施肥措施水稻土可矿化氮与微生物量氮关系的研究

采用短期淹水密闭培养法、长期淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法及氯仿薰蒸法,探讨不施氮肥、施氮肥、氮肥 有机肥、氮肥 有机肥 放萍4种施肥措施,连续16年长期定位试验水稻土的可矿化氮及微生物量氮的变化.结果表明:经过16年培肥及水稻种植,与不施氮肥相比,单施化学氮肥使水稻土可矿化氮数量极显著下降(p＜0.01),化学氮肥与有机肥配施可极显著地提高水稻土可矿化氮数量(p＜0.01);而化学氮肥及化学氮肥与有机肥配施均可极显著增加水稻土微生物量氮的数量(p＜0.01),但以单施化学氮肥增加的幅度最大.与氮肥和有机肥配施相比,在此基础上,连续7年水稻插秧后接种“Azolla“固氮菌体,水稻土可矿化氮及微生物量氮数量均无显著变化.两种培养方法,水稻土可矿化氮量与微生物氮量之间无密切联系,但水稻土可矿化氮和矿化氮与微生物量氮比率之间则有密切正相关关系.     

长期施肥对菜田土壤微量元素有效性的影响

利用田间试验研究了长期定位施用有机肥和氮、磷、钾化肥对菜田土壤重要微量元素有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施用氮肥会提高土壤有效态铁、锰、锌、铜含量,随着氮肥用量增加,土壤酸化程度加重,土壤中铁、锰、锌、铜有效性亦随之增强。磷、钾化肥能够提高土壤有效铁、锰含量,对土壤锌有效性不会产生明显影响,在一定范围内可以提高土壤有效性铜含量,但效果不明显。长期施用有机肥对土壤微量元素的影响与配施的化肥种类有关。土壤有效铁、锰、铜含量与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,而有效锌含量与pH相关性不明显,而且关系比较复杂。总之,影响微量元素有效性的首要因素是土壤酸碱度。